Medical disclaimer
All content on PainMedicine.com is provided for general educational and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, and it is not a substitute for professional diagnosis, treatment, or guidance from a licensed physician or other qualified health provider.
- Never disregard professional medical advice, or delay seeking it, because of something you have read on this site.
- Never start, stop, or change any medication or treatment without talking to your physician or pharmacist first. Stopping some medications abruptly can be dangerous.
- Reading this site does not create a physician–patient relationship with anyone involved in producing it.
- Descriptions of treatments, procedures, and research are educational summaries — they are not recommendations for any individual, and they may not reflect the most recent findings at the moment you read them.
If you need help now
If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call 911 immediately.
- 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline: Call or text 988 — free, confidential, 24/7
- SAMHSA National Helpline: 1-800-662-HELP (4357) — treatment referral for substance use and mental health, 24/7